Insecticide Classification Guide

Rotate Insecticides to Control Resistant Insects Effectively

Rotate insecticides with different modes of action. Use chart below to identify the modes of action of commonly used insecticides.

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Group 1 – Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Nerve action {Strong evidence that action at this protein is responsible for insecticidal effects}	1A Carbamates	Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb, Butocarboxim, Butoxycarboxim, Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, Ethiofencarb, Fenobucarb, Formetanate, Furathiocarb, Isoprocarb, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Metolcarb, Oxamyl, Pirimicarb, Propoxur, Thiodicarb, Thiofanox, Triazamate,Trimethacarb, XMC, Xylylcarb
1B Organophosphates	Acephate, Azamethiphos, Azinphosethyl, Azinphos-methyl, Cadusafos, Chlorethoxyfos, Chlorfenvinphos, Chlormephos, Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifosmethyl, Coumaphos, Cyanophos, Demeton-S-methyl, Diazinon, Dichlorvos/ DDVP, Dicrotophos, Dimethoate, Dimethylvinphos, Disulfoton, EPN, Ethion, Ethoprophos, Famphur, Fenamiphos, Fenitrothion, Fenthion, Fosthiazate, Heptenophos, Imicyafos, Isofenphos, Isopropyl O- (methoxyaminothiophosphoryl) salicylate, Isoxathion, Malathion, Mecarbam, Methamidophos, Methidathion, Mevinphos, Monocrotophos, Naled, Omethoate, Oxydemetonmethyl, Parathion, Parathion-methyl, Phenthoate, Phorate, Phosalone, Phosmet, Phosphamidon, Phoxim, Pirimiphos-methyl, Profenofos, Propetamphos, Prothiofos, Pyraclofos, Pyridaphenthion, Quinalphos, Sulfotep, Tebupirimfos, Temephos, Terbufos, Tetrachlorvinphos, Thiometon, Triazophos, Trichlorfon, Vamidothion

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Nerve action

{Strong evidence that action
at this protein is responsible
for insecticidal effects}

1A Carbamates

Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb, Butocarboxim, Butoxycarboxim, Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, Ethiofencarb, Fenobucarb, Formetanate, Furathiocarb, Isoprocarb, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Metolcarb, Oxamyl, Pirimicarb, Propoxur, Thiodicarb, Thiofanox, Triazamate,Trimethacarb, XMC, Xylylcarb

1B Organophosphates

Acephate, Azamethiphos, Azinphosethyl, Azinphos-methyl, Cadusafos, Chlorethoxyfos, Chlorfenvinphos, Chlormephos, Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifosmethyl, Coumaphos, Cyanophos, Demeton-S-methyl, Diazinon, Dichlorvos/ DDVP, Dicrotophos, Dimethoate, Dimethylvinphos, Disulfoton, EPN, Ethion, Ethoprophos, Famphur, Fenamiphos, Fenitrothion, Fenthion, Fosthiazate, Heptenophos, Imicyafos, Isofenphos, Isopropyl O- (methoxyaminothiophosphoryl) salicylate, Isoxathion, Malathion, Mecarbam, Methamidophos, Methidathion, Mevinphos, Monocrotophos, Naled, Omethoate, Oxydemetonmethyl, Parathion, Parathion-methyl, Phenthoate, Phorate, Phosalone, Phosmet, Phosphamidon, Phoxim, Pirimiphos-methyl, Profenofos, Propetamphos, Prothiofos, Pyraclofos, Pyridaphenthion, Quinalphos, Sulfotep, Tebupirimfos, Temephos, Terbufos, Tetrachlorvinphos, Thiometon, Triazophos, Trichlorfon, Vamidothion

Group 2 – GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Nerve action {Strong evidence that action at this protein is responsible for insecticidal effects}	2A Cyclodiene organochlorines	Chlordane, Endosulfan
2B Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles)	Ethiprole, Fipronil

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Nerve action

{Strong evidence that action
at this protein is responsible
for insecticidal effects}

2A Cyclodiene organochlorines

Chlordane, Endosulfan

2B Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles)

Ethiprole, Fipronil

Group 3 – Sodium channel modulators

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Nerve action {Strong evidence that action at this protein is responsible for insecticidal effects}	3A Pyrethroids Pyrethrins	Acrinathrin, Allethrin, d-cis-trans Allethrin, d-trans Allethrin, Bifenthrin, Bioallethrin, Bioallethrin-S-cyclopentenyl isomer, Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin, Cyfluthrin, beta-Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin, lambda-Cyhalothrin, gamma-Cyhalothrin, Cypermethrin, alpha-Cypermethrin, beta-Cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin, zeta-Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin, (1R)- trans- isomers], Deltamethrin, Empenthrin (EZ)- (1R)- isomers],Esfenvalerate, Etofenprox, Fenpropathrin, Fenvalerate, Flucythrinate, Flumethrin, tau-Fluvalinate, Halfenprox, Imiprothrin, Kadethrin, Permethrin, Phenothrin [(1R)-transisomer], Prallethrin, Pyrethrins (pyrethrum), Resmethrin, Silafluofen, Tefluthrin, Tetramethrin, Tetramethrin [(1R)-isomers], Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin,
3B DDT Methoxychlor	DDT Methoxychlor

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Nerve action

{Strong evidence that action
at this protein is responsible
for insecticidal effects}

3A Pyrethroids Pyrethrins

Acrinathrin, Allethrin, d-cis-trans Allethrin, d-trans Allethrin, Bifenthrin, Bioallethrin, Bioallethrin-S-cyclopentenyl isomer, Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin, Cyfluthrin, beta-Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin, lambda-Cyhalothrin, gamma-Cyhalothrin, Cypermethrin, alpha-Cypermethrin, beta-Cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin, zeta-Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin, (1R)- trans- isomers], Deltamethrin, Empenthrin (EZ)- (1R)- isomers],Esfenvalerate, Etofenprox, Fenpropathrin, Fenvalerate, Flucythrinate, Flumethrin, tau-Fluvalinate, Halfenprox, Imiprothrin, Kadethrin, Permethrin, Phenothrin [(1R)-transisomer], Prallethrin, Pyrethrins (pyrethrum), Resmethrin, Silafluofen, Tefluthrin, Tetramethrin, Tetramethrin [(1R)-isomers], Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin,

3B DDT Methoxychlor

DDT Methoxychlor

Group 4 – Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Nerve action {Strong evidence that action at one or more of this class of protein isresponsible for insecticidal effects}	4A Neonicotinoids	Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran, Imidacloprid, Nitenpyram, Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam,
	4B Nicotine	Nicotine
	4C Sulfoxaflor	Sulfoxaflor
	4D Butenolides	Flupyradifurone

Group 5 – Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric activators

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Nerve action {Strong evidence that action at one or more of this class of protein is responsible for insecticidal effects}	Spinosyns	Spinetoram, Spinosad

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Nerve action

{Strong evidence that action
at one or more of this class
of protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

Spinosyns

Spinetoram, Spinosad

Group 6 – Chloride channel activators

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Nerve and muscle action {Strong evidence that action at one or more of this class of protein is responsible for insecticidal effects}	Avermectins, Milbemycins	Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Lepimectin, Milbemectin

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Nerve and muscle action

{Strong evidence that action
at one or more of this class
of protein is responsible for
insecticidal effects}

Avermectins, Milbemycins

Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Lepimectin, Milbemectin

Group 7 – Juvenile hormone mimics

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Growth regulation {Target protein responsible for biological activity is unknown, or uncharacterized}	7A Juvenile hormone analogues	Hydroprene, Kinoprene, Methoprene
7B Fenoxycarb	Fenoxycarb
7C Pyriproxyfen	Pyriproxyfen

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Growth regulation

{Target protein responsible
for biological activity is
unknown, or uncharacterized}

7A Juvenile hormone analogues

Hydroprene, Kinoprene, Methoprene

7B Fenoxycarb

Fenoxycarb

7C Pyriproxyfen

Pyriproxyfen

Group 8^*– Miscellaneous nonspecific (multisite) inhibitors

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
	8A Alkyl halides	Methyl bromide and other alkyl halides
	8B Chloropicrin	Chloropicrin
	8C Sulfuryl fluoride	Sulfuryl fluoride
	8D Borates	Borax
	8E Tartar emetic	Tartar emetic

Group 9 – Modulators of chordotonal organs

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Nerve action {Target protein responsible for biological activity is unknown, or uncharacterized}	9B Pymetrozine	Pymetrozine
9C Flonicamid	Flonicamid

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Nerve action

{Target protein responsible
for biological activity is
unknown, or uncharacterized}

9B Pymetrozine

Pymetrozine

9C Flonicamid

Flonicamid

Group 10 – Mite growth inhibitors

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Growth regulation {Target protein responsible for biological activity is unknown, or uncharacterized}	10A* Clofentezine Hexythiazox Diflovidazin	Clofentezine, Hexythiazox, Diflovidazin
10B Etoxazole	Etoxazole

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Growth regulation

{Target protein responsible
for biological activity is
unknown, or uncharacterized}

10A* Clofentezine Hexythiazox Diflovidazin

Clofentezine, Hexythiazox, Diflovidazin

10B Etoxazole

Etoxazole

Group 11 – Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Growth regulation (includes transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins, however specific guidance for resistance management of transgenic crops is not based on rotation of modes of action)	11A Bacillus thuringiensis and the insecticidal proteins they produce	Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis B.t. crop proteins: (*Please see footnote) Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34Ab1/ Cry35Ab
11B Bacillus sphaericus	Bacillus sphaericus

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Growth regulation

(includes transgenic crops
expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins, however specific guidance for resistance management of
transgenic crops is not based on rotation of modes of action)

11A Bacillus thuringiensis and the insecticidal proteins they produce

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis

B.t. crop proteins: (*Please see footnote) Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34Ab1/ Cry35Ab

11B Bacillus sphaericus

Bacillus sphaericus

Group 12 – Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Energy metabolism {Compounds affect the function of this protein, but it is not clear that this is what leads to biological activity}	12A Diafenthiuron	Diafenthiuron
	12B Organotin miticides	Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide
	12C Propargite	Propargite
	12D Tetradifon	Tetradifon

Group 13^* – Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Energy metabolism	Chlorfenapyr	Chlorfenapyr
	DNOCs	DNOC
	Sulfluramid	Sulfluramid

Group 14 – acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Nerve action {Compounds affect the function of this protein, but it is not clear that this is what leads to biological activity}	Nereistoxin analogues	Bensultap, Cartap hydrochloride, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-sodium

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Nerve action

{Compounds affect the function of this protein, but it is not clear that this is what leads to biological activity}

Nereistoxin analogues

Bensultap, Cartap hydrochloride, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-sodium

Group 15 – Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis,type 0

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Growth regulation {Target protein responsible for biological activity is unknown, or uncharacterized}	Benzoylureas	Bistrifluron, Chlorfluazuron, Diflubenzuron, Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron, Hexaflumuron, Lufenuron, Novaluron, Noviflumuron, Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Growth regulation

{Target protein responsible for biological activity is unknown, or uncharacterized}

Benzoylureas

Bistrifluron, Chlorfluazuron, Diflubenzuron, Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron, Hexaflumuron, Lufenuron, Novaluron, Noviflumuron, Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron

Group 16 – Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Growth regulation {Target protein responsible for biological activity is unknown, or uncharacterized}	Buprofezin	Buprofezin

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Growth regulation

{Target protein responsible for biological activity is unknown, or uncharacterized}

Buprofezin

Group 17 – Moulting disruptor, Dipteran

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Growth regulation {Target protein responsible for biological activity is unknown, or uncharacterized}	Cyromazine	Cyromazine

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Growth regulation

{Target protein responsible for biological activity is unknown, or uncharacterized}

Cyromazine

Group 18 – Ecdysone receptor agonists

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Growth regulation {Strong evidence that action at this protein is responsible for insecticidal effects}	Diacylhydrazines	Chromafenozide, Halofenozide, Methoxyfenozide, Tebufenozide

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Growth regulation

{Strong evidence that action at this protein is responsible for insecticidal effects}

Diacylhydrazines

Chromafenozide, Halofenozide, Methoxyfenozide, Tebufenozide

Group 19 – Octopamine receptor agonists

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Nerve action {Good evidence that action at one or more of this class of protein is responsible for insecticidal effects}	Amitraz	Amitraz

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Nerve action

{Good evidence that action at one or more of this class of protein is responsible for insecticidal effects}

Amitraz

Group 20 – Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Energy metabolism {Good evidence that action at this protein complex is responsible for insecticidal effects}	20A Hydramethylnon	Hydramethylnon
20B Acequinocyl	Fenoxycarb
20C Fenoxycarb	Fenoxycarb

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Energy metabolism

{Good evidence that action at this protein complex is responsible for insecticidal effects}

20A Hydramethylnon

Hydramethylnon

20B Acequinocyl

Fenoxycarb

20C Fenoxycarb

Fenoxycarb

Group 21 – Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Energy metabolism {Good evidence that action at this protein complex is responsible for insecticidal effects}	21A METI acaricides and insecticides	Fenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyrimidifen, Pyridaben, Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad
21B Rotenone	Rotenone (Derris)

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Energy metabolism

{Good evidence that action at this protein complex is responsible for insecticidal effects}

21A METI acaricides and insecticides

Fenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyrimidifen, Pyridaben, Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad

21B Rotenone

Rotenone (Derris)

Group 22 – Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Nerve action {Good evidence that action at this protein complex is responsible for insecticidal effects}	22A Indoxacarb	Indoxacarb
22B Metaflumizone	Metaflumizone

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Nerve action

{Good evidence that action at this protein complex is responsible for insecticidal effects}

22A Indoxacarb

Indoxacarb

22B Metaflumizone

Metaflumizone

Group 23 – Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Lipid synthesis, growth regulation {Good evidence that action at this protein is responsible for insecticidal effects}	Tetronic and Tetramic acid derivatives	Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen, Spirotetramat

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Lipid synthesis, growth regulation

{Good evidence that action at this protein is responsible for insecticidal effects}

Tetronic and Tetramic acid derivatives

Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen, Spirotetramat

Group 24 – Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Energy metabolism {Good evidence that action at this protein complex is responsible for insecticidal effects}	24A Phosphine	Aluminium phosphide, Calcium phosphide, Phosphine, Zinc phosphide
24B Cyanide	Cyanide

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Energy metabolism

{Good evidence that action at this protein complex is responsible for insecticidal effects}

24A Phosphine

Aluminium phosphide, Calcium phosphide, Phosphine, Zinc phosphide

24B Cyanide

Cyanide

Group 25 – Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Energy metabolism {Good evidence that action at this protein complex is responsible for insecticidal effects}	Beta-ketonitrile derivatives	Cyenopyrafen, Cyflumetofen

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Energy metabolism

{Good evidence that action at this protein complex is responsible for insecticidal effects}

Beta-ketonitrile derivatives

Cyenopyrafen, Cyflumetofen

Group 28 – Ryanodine receptor modulators

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Nerve and muscle action {Good evidence that action at this protein complex is responsible for insecticidal effects}	Diamides	Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole, Flubendiamide

Main Group and Primary
Site of Action

Chemical Sub-group
or exemplifying
Active Ingredient

Active Ingredients

Nerve and muscle action

{Good evidence that action at this protein complex is responsible for insecticidal effects}

Diamides

Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole, Flubendiamide

Group UN^*– Compounds of unknown or uncertain MoA2

Main Group and Primary Site of Action	Chemical Sub-group or exemplifying Active Ingredient	Active Ingredients
Nerve action {Target protein responsible for biological activity is unknown,	4A Neonicotinoids	Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran, Imidacloprid, Nitenpyram, Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam,
	Azadirachtin	Azadirachtin
	Benzoximate	Benzoximate
	Bifenazate	Bifenazate
	Bromopropylate	Bromopropylate
Chinomethionat	Chinomethionat
Cryolite	Cryolite
Dicofol	Dicofol
Pyridalyl	Pyridalyl
Pyrifluquinazon	Pyrifluquinazon

Table Notes:

a) Inclusion of a compound in the classification above does not necessarily signify regulatory approval.
b) MoA assignments will usually involve identification of the target protein responsible for the biological effect, although groupings can be made where compounds share distinctive physiological effects and have related chemical structures.
c) Groups 26 and 27 are unassigned at this time and have therefore been omitted from the table.
d) A compound with an unknown or controversial MoA or an unknown mode of toxicity will be held in group ‘UN’ until evidence becomes available to enable that compound to be assigned to a more appropriate MoA class.
e) Actives in groups marked with a * are thought not to share a common target site and therefore may be freely rotated with each other unless there is reason to expect cross-resistance. These groups are 8, 13, and UN.

Source:

IRAC MoA Classification Scheme v. 7.3, February 2014, with permission. Further information is available from www.irac-online.org.
IRAC is a specialist technical committee providing best resistance management practice and does not endorse the use of specific products.